信息标题: 别沦落为“经济动物” 文艺作品与国家形象 |
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别沦落为“经济动物” 文艺作品与国家形象
李 溢
来源:人民网-《人民日报》
不言而喻,一个国家的文学艺术成就,对其国家的形象起着加减分的作用。古希腊被世界公认为灿烂的文明古国,它的神话、戏剧、哲学功劳卓著。有些经济强国却因缺少重大思想成果和科学成就,而被讥讽为“经济动物”。雨果曾说:“试将莎士比亚从英国取走,请看这个国家的光辉一下子就会削弱多少!莎士比亚使英国变美,他减少了英国与野蛮国家的相似点。”
而历史悠久的泱泱中国,当代文学艺术成就与应有的国家形象还很不相称。对于正在崛起的当代中国来说,繁荣文学艺术,催生伟大的作家、哲学家、思想家,是提高民族文化影响力的当务之急。
正是在这样的思想语境中,近年来我国文化界、学术界展开了“国家形象与文学艺术关系”的讨论。诸多观点中,也出现了把文学建构国家形象方式窄化的倾向,有人仅从文艺创作上表现我们民族的苦难深重、民族劣根性之类的创作有损国家形象,以此把国家形象等同于作品正面形象,则未免简单。他们希望所有读到中国文艺作品的人对我们国家都产生良好的印象,令每一个外国人夸赞向往,其拳拳爱国之心值得肯定。但是他们没有想到,如果以“国家形象”为由拒绝文艺作品真实深刻地表现社会生活,不仅无法创作出优秀的文艺作品,相反还将带来一系列不良后果。首先,这会违背文艺创作的真实性原则。文艺是社会生活的反映和表达,从马克思主义文艺“反映论”来看,社会生活中既存在光明也存在阴暗,既有好人好事,也有坏人坏事,即使在同一个人身上,也既存在着积极面,又存在消极面。任何国家、任何社会、任何个人都不例外。从文艺“表达论”来看,每个作家对社会生活都会有不同的观察和理解,正是这种不同才构成了创造的基础。如果以塑造“国家形象”为名,拒绝真实地描写社会生活,文艺作品就会变成褒扬好人好事的公益广告。其次,将导致“题材决定论”。自十一届三中全会后,经过拨乱反正,思想解放,文艺界对“题材决定论”、“塑造高大全”等文艺思想进行了反思。写什么和如何写应当由文艺家自己决定,这在文艺界已形成共识。如果以“国家形象”之名,要求作家只能写什么样的题材,只能如何写,文艺创作的丰富性将大打折扣。同时,还会否定文学史中具有反思批判精神的作家的历史地位。如写《离骚》的屈原,还能不能算爱国诗人?杜甫的“朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨”式的批判现实的诗歌,是不是给唐朝盛世“抹黑”?鲁迅作为写民族劣根性最多的作家,他的作品会简单地让人把阿Q、祥林嫂、孔乙己、人血馒头与中国人的形象联系起来吗?按此道理,西班牙应当憎恨塞万提斯,因为他的小说让人把西班牙人想象成不着边际的唐·吉诃德。法国人应当憎恨巴尔扎克,他会让全世界人把法国人都看成吝啬的葛朗台。 可见文学建构国家形象的方式,主要的并不是通过作品中的人物、事件、环境的“正面形象”,而是取决于文艺作品所表现出来的思想力、想象力和创造力,以及这些作品所展示的文学艺术创作水平和创作成就。离开真实何以展现一个国家的思想力、想象力和创造力?何以创作出优秀的文学作品?没有优秀的作品、缺乏思想力、想象力和创造力,何以形成外人对我们的美好的印象,又何谈提升国家形象? |
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